The 4 Macromolecules

Macromolecule DNA:

- Are made up of monomers of nucleotides (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine), has a sugar phosphate backbone
-Bonding within the monomers are hydrogen bonds, whilst bonding between the monomers are phosphodiester bonds.

- Functions: for inheritence, coding for the production of proteins (protein synthesis), and genetics.

                                 - Shape is a double helix

Macromolecule Proteins:

- Its monomers are amino acids
- an amino group and a carboxyl group make a protein

- Bonding within the monomers are peptide bonds

- Functions: for signaling within a cell, to make cell parts

- Shape is different every time; different shape means different function for the protein
- amino group + carbonyl group makes a protein (the bond between them is called peptide linkage)
- has 4 structures: primary (sequence of AA's)
                               secondary (helix, or pleaded sheet)
                               tertiary (bending of a AA chain due to attraction of other AA)
                               quaternary: packings of chains together
- two types of protein :
 essential (amino acids that animals cannot synthesize,  usually dietary)
  nonessential (made by animal body, usually non dietary)

Macromolecule Lipid:

- It's monomers are glycerol and fatty acids

- It's hydrophillic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-fearing)

- Bonds with ester bonds (hydroxyl +carboxyl)

- Function: for energy storage, membrane structure (example in a cell, the phospholipid bilayer), hormones and vitamins.

- Example: a triglyceride, it had a hydrophillic head, and 3 tails that are hydrophobic.
- lipids can be saturated (maximum # of hydrogens bonded to the carbon chains) or unsaturated (has 1+ double bonds, less stable, not the maximum # of hydrogen bonds)


Macromolecule Carbohydrates:

- Monomers are monosaccharides (ex. gluctose, fructose) can be a triose, terose, pentose or hexose. Usually hexose.
- glucose is a hexsose that makes a 6 carbon ring, while fructose is a hexose that makes a 5 carbon ring.
- 2 monosaccharides bonded covalently makes a disaccharide , ex. maltose, lactose
- many monosaccharides makes a polysccharide, ex. Amylose, amylopectin.
- Bonds with glycosidic bond
- in the process called "condensation", glucose+ glucose = water+ maltose (2 monosaccharides make a disaccharide and water)
- in "hydrolysis" sucrose and water come together to make fructose and glucose. (disaccharide and water, makes 2 monosaccharides)
- function: primarily as an energy source