The 3 Laws of Thermodynamics

Law 1: (also called Law of Conservation of Matter) states that matter or energy cannot be created or destroyed. In a reaction, the amount of matter in the reactants equal the amount of matter in the products. Same with energy. The amount of energy required for the reaction, is the same as the amount of energy exposed after the reaction (ex. in the form of heat)
Since some energy goes into the outside world, this energy contributes to the second law.

Law 2: (also called Law of Increased Entropy) states that as energy is lost, it increases randomness and chaos in an environment.

Law 3: states that as temperatures approach absolute zero, matter will no longer move; thus no more energy. At this point there will no longer be any matter. Since there is no movement, electrons ceases to make bonds, molecules fall apart, and everything disappears.

Law of Entropy (2nd Law):
- the 'loss' of energy into the outside world creates more chaos. This can suggest that the universe is losing energy, not gaining it. However this 'lost' energy contributes to more randomness in the world.
- example, the universe is constantly expanding (getting more random/chaotic). Whatever happens in the universe will lead to more randomness/chaos.
this law talks about how in nature things are irreversable. An example being evolution; organisms become more and more complicated, the organism does not go back to being simpler.
-For some situations it appears that things are getting simpler (ex. water freezing into ice), but since energy is required to freeze the ice, the situation is acutally more complicated.

The 4 Macromolecules

Macromolecule DNA:

- Are made up of monomers of nucleotides (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine), has a sugar phosphate backbone
-Bonding within the monomers are hydrogen bonds, whilst bonding between the monomers are phosphodiester bonds.

- Functions: for inheritence, coding for the production of proteins (protein synthesis), and genetics.

                                 - Shape is a double helix

Macromolecule Proteins:

- Its monomers are amino acids
- an amino group and a carboxyl group make a protein

- Bonding within the monomers are peptide bonds

- Functions: for signaling within a cell, to make cell parts

- Shape is different every time; different shape means different function for the protein
- amino group + carbonyl group makes a protein (the bond between them is called peptide linkage)
- has 4 structures: primary (sequence of AA's)
                               secondary (helix, or pleaded sheet)
                               tertiary (bending of a AA chain due to attraction of other AA)
                               quaternary: packings of chains together
- two types of protein :
 essential (amino acids that animals cannot synthesize,  usually dietary)
  nonessential (made by animal body, usually non dietary)

Macromolecule Lipid:

- It's monomers are glycerol and fatty acids

- It's hydrophillic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-fearing)

- Bonds with ester bonds (hydroxyl +carboxyl)

- Function: for energy storage, membrane structure (example in a cell, the phospholipid bilayer), hormones and vitamins.

- Example: a triglyceride, it had a hydrophillic head, and 3 tails that are hydrophobic.
- lipids can be saturated (maximum # of hydrogens bonded to the carbon chains) or unsaturated (has 1+ double bonds, less stable, not the maximum # of hydrogen bonds)


Macromolecule Carbohydrates:

- Monomers are monosaccharides (ex. gluctose, fructose) can be a triose, terose, pentose or hexose. Usually hexose.
- glucose is a hexsose that makes a 6 carbon ring, while fructose is a hexose that makes a 5 carbon ring.
- 2 monosaccharides bonded covalently makes a disaccharide , ex. maltose, lactose
- many monosaccharides makes a polysccharide, ex. Amylose, amylopectin.
- Bonds with glycosidic bond
- in the process called "condensation", glucose+ glucose = water+ maltose (2 monosaccharides make a disaccharide and water)
- in "hydrolysis" sucrose and water come together to make fructose and glucose. (disaccharide and water, makes 2 monosaccharides)
- function: primarily as an energy source